Our Sponsors

Thursday, February 17, 2011

South Africa

8:08 PM Wikipedia No comments


Largest municipalities

In 2007, there were 6 municipalities with more than 1 million inhabitants,[109] and 8 with between 500,000 and 1 million inhabitants (in 2001 there were 6). Municipalities in the list may include several towns. Some of them consist of hundreds of tiny settlements in very close proximity to each other. This is particularly true of municipalities made up of former Bantustans, e.g. KaNgwane and QwaQwa, and Libode inTranskei, where distributed, non-Western settlement models are practised.
view · talk · editRankMunicipalityCore CityProvincePop.view · talk · edit
1City of JohannesburgJohannesburgGauteng3,888,180
2City of Cape TownCape TownWestern Cape3,497,097
3eThekwiniDurbanKwaZulu-Natal3,468,086
4Ekurhuleni (East Rand)GermistonGauteng2,724,229
5City of TshwanePretoriaGauteng2,345,908
6Nelson Mandela Bay MetroPort ElizabethEastern Cape1,050,930
7MangaungBloemfonteinFree State752,906
8Buffalo CityEast LondonEastern Cape724,312
9EmfuleniVanderbijlparkGauteng650,867
10MsunduziPietermaritzburgKwaZulu-Natal616,730
11ThulamelaThohoyandouLimpopo602,819
12PolokwanePolokwane (Pietersburg)Limpopo561,772
13MbombelaNelspruitMpumalanga527,203
14BushbuckridgeBushbuckridgeMpumalanga509,970
15MakhadoLouis TrichardtLimpopo471,805
16RustenburgRustenburgNorth West449,776
17King Sabata DalindyeboMthatha (Umtata)Eastern Cape444,830
18EmalahleniWitbankMpumalanga435,217
19MatjhabengWelkomFree State405,031
20City of MatlosanaKlerksdorpNorth West385,782
Statistics South Africa (2007)[110]

Health

The impact of AIDS has caused a fall in life expectancy.
Main articles: Health in South Africa and HIV/AIDS in South Africa
The spread of AIDS (acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome) is an alarming problem in South Africa with up to 31% of pregnant women found to be HIV infected in 2005 and the infection rate among adults estimated at 20%.[111] The link between HIV, a virus spread primarily by sexual contact, and AIDS was long denied by prior president Thabo Mbeki and then health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, who insisted that the many deaths in the country are due to malnutrition, and hence poverty, and not HIV.[112]
In 2007, in response to international pressure, the government made efforts to fight AIDS.[113]In September 2008 Thabo Mbeki was recalled by the ANC and chose to resign and Kgalema Motlanthe was appointed for the interim. One of Mr. Motlanthe's first actions was to replace Mrs. Tshabalala-Msimang with Barbara Hogan who immediately started working to improve the Government's approach to AIDS. After the 2009 General Elections, President Jacob Zumaappointed Dr Aaron Motsoaledi as the new minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of AIDS treatment.[114]
AIDS affects mainly those who are sexually active and is far more prevalent in the black population. Most deaths are people who are also economically active, resulting in many families losing their primary wage earners. This has resulted in many 'AIDS orphans' who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support.[115] It is estimated that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South Africa.[115] Many elderly people also lose the support from lost younger members of their family. Roughly 5 million people are infected with the disease.[113]

Science and technology

Mark Shuttleworth, the first South African in space
Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa. The first human-to-human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in December 1967. Max Theiler developed a vaccine against Yellow Fever, Allan McLeod Cormackpioneered x-ray Computed tomography, and Aaron Klug developed crystallographic electron microscopy techniques. These advancements were all (with the exception of that of Barnard) recognised with Nobel Prizes. Sydney Brenner won most recently, in 2002, for his pioneering work in molecular biology.
Mark Shuttleworth founded an early Internet security company Thawte, that was subsequently bought out by world-leader VeriSign. Despite government efforts to encourage entrepreneurship in biotechnology, IT and other high technology fields, no other notable groundbreaking companies have been founded in South Africa. However, it is the expressed objective of the government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology, based on the realisation that South Africa cannot compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing, nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity.
South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. It hosts the Southern African Large Telescope, the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. South Africa is currently building the Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for the $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project. South Africa is a finalist, with Australia, to be the host of the SKA.

Society and culture

Main article: Culture of South Africa
Decorated houses, Drakensberg Mountains
Traditional South African cuisine
South African culture is diverse; foods from many cultures are enjoyed by all and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety of South African cuisine. In addition to food, music and dance feature prominently.[citation needed]
South African cuisine is heavily meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as a braai, or barbecue. South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer, with some of the best vineyards lying in valleys around Stellenbosch, Franschoek, Paarland Barrydale.[116]
The South African black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives. It is among these people, however, that cultural traditions survive most strongly; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and Westernised, aspects of traditional culture have declined. Urban blacks usually speak English or Afrikaans in addition to their native tongue. There are smaller but still significant groups of speakers of Khoisan languages who are not included in the eleven official languages, but are one of the eight other officially recognised languages. There are small groups of speakers of endangered languages, most of which are from the Khoi-San family, that receive no official status; however, some groups within South Africa are attempting to promote their use and revival.
Members of middle class, who are predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of black, coloured and Indian people,[117] have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe, North America and Australasia. Members of the middle class often study and work abroad for greater exposure to the markets of the world.
Asians, predominantly of Indian origin, preserve their own cultural heritage, languages and religious beliefs, being either Christian, Hindu or Sunni Muslim and speaking English, with Indian languages like Hindi, Telugu, Tamil or Gujarati being spoken less frequently, but the majority of Indians being able to understand their mother tongue. The first Indians arrived on the famous Truro ship as indentured labourers in Natal to work the Sugar Cane Fields. There is a much smallerChinese community in South Africa, although its numbers have increased due to immigration from Republic of China (Taiwan).
South Africa has also had a large influence in the Scouting movement, with many Scouting traditions and ceremonies coming from the experiences of Robert Baden-Powell (the founder of Scouting) during his time in South Africa as a military officer in the 1890s. The South African Scout Association was one of the first youth organisations to open its doors to youth and adults of all races in South Africa. This happened on 2 July 1977 at a conference known as Quo Vadis.[118]

Art

Main article: Art of South Africa
Eland, rock painting, Drakensberg, South Africa
The oldest art objects in the world were discovered in a South African cave. Dating from 75,000 years ago,[119] these small drilled snail shells could have no other function than to have been strung on a string as a necklace. South Africa was one of the cradles of the human species. One of the defining characteristics of our species is the making of art (from Latin 'ars' meaning worked or formed from basic material).
The scattered tribes of Khoisan peoples moving into South Africa from around 10000 BC had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings. They were superseded byBantu/Nguni peoples with their own vocabularies of art forms. In the 20th century, traditional tribal forms of art were scattered and re-melded by the divisive policies of apartheid.
New forms of art evolved in the mines and townships: a dynamic art using everything from plastic strips to bicycle spokes. The Dutch-influenced folk art of the Afrikaner Trekboers and the urban white artists earnestly following changing European traditions from the 1850s onwards also contributed to this eclectic mix, which continues to evolve today.

Literature

Main article: Literature of South Africa
South Africa's unique social and political history have generated a strong group of local writers, which themes that span the days of apartheid to the lives of people in the "new South Africa".
Many of the first black South African authors were missionary-educated, and the majority of which thus wrote in either English or Afrikaans. One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was Solomon Thekiso Plaatje's Mhudi, written in 1930.
Notable white South African authors include Nadine Gordimer who was, in Seamus Heaney's words, one of "the guerrillas of the imagination", and who became the first South African and the seventh woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1991. Her most famous novel, July's People, was released in 1981, depicting the collapse of white-minority rule.
J.M. Coetzee was the second South African to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 2003. When awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee "in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider".[120] The press release for the award also cited his "well-crafted composition, pregnant dialogue and analytical brilliance," while focusing on the moral nature of his work.[120]
Athol Fugard, whose plays have been regularly premiered in fringe theatres in South Africa, London(The Royal Court Theatre) and New York. Olive Schreiner's The Story of an African Farm (1883) was a revelation in Victorian literature: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into thenovel form.
Alan Paton published the acclaimed novel Cry, the Beloved Country in 1948. He told the tale of a black priest who comes to Johannesburg to find his son, which became an international bestseller. During the 1950s, Drum magazine became a hotbed of political satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to urban black culture.
Afrikaans-language writers also began to write controversial material. Breyten Breytenbach was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid. Andre Brink was the first Afrikaner writer to be banned by the government after he released the novel A Dry White Season about a white South African who discovers the truth about a black friend who dies in police custody.

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of South Africa
While many foreign films have been produced about South Africa (usually involving race relations), few local productions are known outside South Africa itself. One exception was the film The Gods Must Be Crazy in 1980, set in the Kalahari. This is about how life in a traditional community of Bushmen is changed when a Coke bottle, thrown out of an aeroplane, suddenly lands from the sky. The late Jamie Uys, who wrote and directed The Gods Must Be Crazy, also had success overseas in the 1970s with his films Funny People and Funny People II, similar to the TV series Candid Camera in the US. Leon Schuster's You Must Be Joking! films are in the same genre, and hugely popular among South Africans.
Arguably, the most high-profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was "District 9". Directed by Neill Blomkamp, a native South African, and produced by Peter Jackson, the action/science-fiction film depicts a sub-class of alien refugees forced to live in the slums ofJohannesburg in what many saw as a creative allegory for apartheid. The film was a critical and commercial success worldwide, and was nominated for Best Picture at the 82nd Academy Awards.
Other notable exceptions are the film Tsotsi, which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards in 2006 as well as U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha, which won the Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival.

Music

Main article: Music of South Africa
There is great diversity in music from South Africa. Many black musicians who sang in Afrikaans or English during apartheid have since begun to sing in traditional African languages, and have developed a unique style called Kwaito. Of note is Brenda Fassie, who launched to fame with her song "Weekend Special", which was sung in English. More famous traditional musicians include Ladysmith Black Mambazo, while the Soweto String Quartet performs classic music with an African flavour. White and Coloured South African singers are historically influenced by European musical styles. South Africa has produced world-famous jazz musicians, notably Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa,Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, and Sathima Bea Benjamin. Afrikaans music covers multiple genres, such as the contemporary Steve Hofmeyr and the punk rock band Fokofpolisiekar. Crossover artists such as Verity (internationally recognised for innovation in the music industry) and Johnny Clegg and his bands Juluka and Savuka have enjoyed various success underground, publicly, and abroad.
The South African music scene includes Kwaito, a new music genre that had developed in the mid 80s and has since developed to become the most popular social economical form of representation among the populous. Though some may argue that the political aspects of Kwaito has since diminished after Apartheid, and the relative interest in politics has become a minor aspect of daily life. Some argue that in a sense, Kwaito is in fact a political force that shows activism in its apolitical actions. Today, major corporations like Sony, BMG, and EMI have appeared on the South African scene to produce and distribute Kwaito music. Due to its overwhelming popularity, as well as the general influence of DJs, who are among the top 5 most influential types of people within the country[citation needed], Kwaito has taken over radio, television, and magazines.[121]

Sports

Main article: Sport in South Africa
Soccer City during a soccer match between South Africa and Colombia
The Springboks in a bus parade after winning the 2007 Rugby World Cup
South Africa's most popular sports are soccer, rugby and cricket.[122] Other sports with significant support are swimming, athletics, golf, boxing, tennis and netball. Although soccer commands the greatest following among the youth, other sports like basketball, surfing[123] and skateboarding are increasingly popular.
Famous boxing personalities include Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani Bungu, Welcome Ncita,Dingaan Thobela, Gerrie Coetzee and Brian Mitchell. Soccer players who have played for major foreign clubs include Lucas Radebe and Philemon Masinga (both formerly of Leeds United),Quinton Fortune (Atletico Madrid and Manchester United), Benni McCarthy (Ajax Amsterdam, F.C. Porto, Blackburn Rovers and West Ham United), Aaron Mokoena (Ajax Amsterdam, Blackburn Rovers and Portsmouth), Delron Buckley (Borussia Dortmund) and Steven Pienaar (Ajax Amsterdam and Everton). Durban Surfer Jordy Smith won the 2010 Billabong J-Bay competition making him the no 1 ranked surfer in the world. South Africa produced Formula One motor racing's 1979 world champion Jody Scheckter. Famous current cricket players include Herschelle Gibbs,Graeme Smith, Jacques Kallis, JP Duminy, etc. Most of them also participate in the Indian Premier League.
South Africa has also produced numerous world class rugby players, including Francois Pienaar,Joost van der Westhuizen, Danie Craven, Frik du Preez, Naas Botha and Bryan Habana. South Africa hosted and won the 1995 Rugby World Cup and won the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France. It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup by hosting the 1996 African Cup of Nations, with thenational team going on to win the tournament. It also hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup, the 2007 World Twenty20 Championship, and it was the host nation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which was the first time the tournament was held in Africa. FIFA president Sepp Blatter awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event.[124]
In 2004, the swimming team of Roland Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend and Ryk Neethling won the gold medal at the Olympic Games in Athens, simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4x100 freestyle relay. Penny Heyns won Olympic Gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games.
In golf, Gary Player is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time, having won the Career Grand Slam, one of five golfers to have done so. Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Trevor Immelmanand Louis Oosthuizen .

Education

Main article: Education in South Africa
The heart of the Rhodes University campus
Learners have twelve years of formal schooling, from grade 1 to 12. Grade R is a pre-primary foundation year. [125] Primary schools span the first seven years of schooling.[126] High School education spans a further five years. The Senior Certificate examination takes place at the end of grade 12 and is necessary for tertiary studies at a South African university.[125] See: Matriculation in South Africa; High school: South Africa.
Public universities in South Africa are divided into three types: traditional universities, which offer theoretically oriented university degrees; universities of technology ("Technikons"), which offer vocational oriented diplomas and degrees; and comprehensive universities, which offer both types of qualification. Public institutions are usually English medium, although instruction may take place in Afrikaans as well. There are also a large number of other educational institutions in South Africa - some are local campuses of foreign universities, some conduct classes for students who write their exams at the distance-educationUniversity of South Africa and some offer unaccredited or non-accredited diplomas. See: List of universities in South Africa; List of post secondary institutions in South Africa; Category:Higher education in South Africa.
Public expenditure on education was at 5.4 % of the 2002-05 GDP.[127]
Under Apartheid, schools for blacks were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called Bantu Education which was only designed to give them sufficient skills to work as labourers.[128] Redressing these imbalances has been a focus of recent education policy; see Education in South Africa: Restructuring.

Social problems

Main articles: Crime in South Africa, Sexual violence in South Africa, and Xenophobia in South Africa
Prison buildings on Robben Island
According to a survey for the period 1998–2000 compiled by the United Nations, South Africa was ranked second for murder and first for assaults and rapes per capita.[129] Official statistics show that 52 people are murdered every day in South Africa.[130] The reported number of rapes per year is 55,000,[131] and it is estimated that 500,000 rapes are committed annually in South Africa.[132]Total crime per capita is 10th out of the 60 countries in the data set.
Rape is a common problem in South Africa, in a 2009 survey one in four South African men admitted to raping someone.[133] One in three of the 4,000 women questioned by the Community of Information, Empowerment and Transparency said they had been raped in the past year.[134]South Africa has some of the highest incidences of child and baby rape in the world.[135] In a related survey conducted among 1,500 schoolchildren in the Soweto township, a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that 'jackrolling', a term for gang rape, was fun.[134]
Middle-class South Africans seek security in gated communities. Many emigrants from South Africa also state that crime was a big motivator for them to leave. Crime against the farming community has continued to be a major problem.[136]
Along with many African nations, South Africa has been experiencing a "brain drain" in the past 20 years. This is believed to be potentially damaging for the regional economy,[137] and is almost certainly detrimental for the well-being of the majority of people reliant on the healthcare infrastructure, given the HIV/AIDS epidemic.[138] The skills drain in South Africa tends to demonstrate racial contours (naturally given the skills distribution legacy of South Africa) and has thus resulted in large white South African communities abroad.[139]
In May 2008 societal hostility to African migrants exploded in a series of pogroms that left up to 100 people dead and 100,000 displaced.[140]

See also

Flag of South Africa.svgSouth Africa portal
Main article: Outline of South Africa

References

  1. ^ "The Constitution". Constitutional Court of South Africa. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
  2. ^ Principal Agglomerations of the World at www.citypopulation.de
  3. ^ The Khoi, Nama and San languages; sign language; German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Tamil, Telegu and Urdu; and Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit and "other languages used for religious purposes in South Africa" have a special status. See Chapter 1, Article 6, of the Constitution.
  4. ^ a b c "Mid-year population estimates 2010". Statistics South Africa. 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  5. ^ "Census 2001 at a glance". Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
  6. ^ a b c d "South Africa". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  7. ^ "South African Maritime Safety Authority". South African Maritime Safety Authority. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  8. ^ "Coastline". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  9. ^ a b c d "South Africa Fast Facts". SouthAfrica.info. April 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2008.
  10. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica Online". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..
  11. ^ "South Africa’s Unemployment Rate Increases to 23.5%". Bloomberg. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  12. ^ "HDI". UNDP.
  13. ^ Wymer, John; Singer, R (1982). The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0226761037.
  14. ^ Deacon, HJ (2001). "Guide to Klasies River". Stellenbosch University. p. 11. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  15. ^ "Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs".
  16. ^ Stephen P. Broker. "Hominid Evolution". Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  17. ^ Mackenzie, W. Douglas; Stead, Alfred (1899). South Africa: Its History, Heroes, and Wars. Chicago: The Co-Operative Publishing Company.
  18. ^ "African History Timeline". West Chester University of Pennsylvania.
  19. ^ "Shaka: Zulu Chieftain". HistoryNet.
  20. ^ "Shaka (Zulu chief)", Encyclopædia Britannica
  21. ^ Williams, Garner F (1905). The Diamond Mines of South Africa, Vol II. New York, New York: B. F Buck & Co.. pp. Chapter XX.
  22. ^ Bond, Patrick (1999). Cities of gold, townships of coal: essays on South Africa's new urban crisis. Africa World Press. p. 140.ISBN 9780865436114.
  23. ^ Cape of Good Hope (South Africa). Parliament. House. (1906).Report of the Select Committee on Location Act. Cape Times Limited. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  24. ^ Report of the Inter-departmental committee on the native pass laws. Cape Times Limited, government printers. 1920. p. 2.
  25. ^ "Native Land Act". South African Institute of Race Relations. 19 June 1913.
  26. ^ Great Britain. Colonial Office; Transvaal (Colony). Governor (1901-1905: Milner) (January 1902). Papers relating to legislation affecting natives in the Transvaal. His Majesty's Stationery Office.
  27. ^ De Villiers, John Abraham Jacob (1896). The Transvaal. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 30 (n46). Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  28. ^ South Africa Profile. nti.org. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  29. ^ Nuclear Weapons Program (South Africa). globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  30. ^ a b c "Post-Apartheid South Africa: the First Ten Years - Unemployment and the Labor Market". IMF.
  31. ^ "Zuma surprised at level of white poverty - Mail & Guardian Online: The smart news source". Mg.co.za. 18 April 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  32. ^ "South Africa". Human Development Report. United Nations Development Programme. 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
  33. ^ "Ridicule succeeds where leadership failed on AIDS". South African Institute of Race Relations. 10 November 2006.
  34. ^ Pamela Snyman and Amanda Barratt (2 October 2002)."Researching South African Law". Library Resource Xchange. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  35. ^ "Article by Imran Buccus in the Mercury newspaper".
  36. ^ Mo Ibrahim Foundation. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  37. ^ "Chapter 6 - Provinces". Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Government of South Africa. 1996. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  38. ^ Burger, Delien, ed (2009). "The land and its people". South Africa Yearbook 2008/09. Pretoria: Government Communication & Information System. pp. 7–24. ISBN 978-0-621-38412-3. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  39. ^ Stats in Brief, 2010. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2010. p. 3.ISBN 978-0-621-39563-1.
  40. ^ (2010) Mid-year population estimates, 2010. Statistics South Africa. (Report).
  41. ^ Rosalind Rosenberg (Summer 2001). "Virginia Gildersleeve: Opening the Gates (Living Legacies)". Columbia Magazine.
  42. ^ Schlesinger, Stephen E. (2004). Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World. Cambridge, MA: Westview, Perseus Books Group. pp. 236–7.ISBN 0-8133-3275-3.
  43. ^ a b "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993 (Section 224)". South African Government. 1993. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  44. ^ Col L B van Stade, Senior Staff Officer Rationalisation, SANDF (1997). "Rationalisation in the SANDF: The Next Challenge". Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  45. ^ "Defence Act 42 of 2002". South African Government. 12 February 2003. p. 18. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  46. ^ a b c Mosiuoa Lekota (5 September 2005). "Address by the Minister of Defence at a media breakfast at Defence Headquarters, Pretoria". Department of Defence. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  47. ^ a b Lieutenant Colonel Roy E. Horton III (BS, Electrical Engineering; MS, Strategic Intelligence) (October 1999). "Out of (South) Africa: Pretoria's Nuclear Weapons Experience". USAF Institute for National Security Studies. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  48. ^ Christine Dodson (22 October 1979). "South Atlantic Nuclear Event (National Security Council, Memorandum)" (PDF). George Washington University under Freedom of Information Act Request. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  49. ^ "Country Comparison". World Factbook. CIA.
  50. ^ "SouthAfrica.info: South Africa's geography".
  51. ^ "Climatological Normals of Cape Town". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  52. ^ "Biodiversity of the world by countries". Institutoaqualung.com.br. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  53. ^ Plants and Vegetation in South Africa, South Africa Online Travel Guide.
  54. ^ South African National Biodiversity Institute.
  55. ^ Inequality in income or expenditure / Gini index, Human Development Report 2007/08, UNDP. Retrieved 3 February 2008.
  56. ^ Distribution of family income - Gini index, The World Factbook,CIA, updated on 24 January 2008.
  57. ^ ""South Africa has highest gap between rich and poor", ''Business Report'', 28 September 2009". Busrep.co.za. 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2010-11-07.[dead link]
  58. ^ SARPN - South Africa at www.sarpn.org.za
  59. ^ "Black middle class boosts car sales in South Africa: Mail & Guardian Online".
  60. ^ Race against time. The Observer. January 22, 2006.
  61. ^ "Economic Assessment of South Africa 2008". OECD.
  62. ^ a b c "Economic Assessment of South Africa 2008: Achieving Accelerated and Shared Growth for South Africa". OECD.
  63. ^ "SA Economic Research - Tourism Update" (PDF). Investec. October 2005. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  64. ^ "African Security Review Vol 5 No 4, 1996: Strategic Perspectives on Illegal Immigration into South Africa".
  65. ^ "Queens College: The Brain Gain: Skilled Migrants and Immigration Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa".
  66. ^ a b "South Africa". The World Factbook. CIA.
  67. ^ "Power Failures Outrage South Africa" article by Barry Bearakand Celia W. Dugger in The New York Times 31 January 2008
  68. ^ "S Africa cuts power to neighbours". BBC News. 21 January 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
  69. ^ "Eskom reopens 3 power stations". News24. 14 February 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  70. ^ "Eskom mulls new power stations". Fin24. 18 September 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  71. ^ Human Rights Watch, 2001. Unequal Protection: The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms, ISBN 1-56432-263-7.
  72. ^ Mohamed, Najma. 2000. "Greening Land and Agrarian Reform: A Case for Sustainable Agriculture", in At the Crossroads: Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa into the 21st century, ed. Cousins, Ben. Bellville, School of Government, University of the Western Cape. ISBN 1-86808-467-1.
  73. ^ "Agriculture". South Africa Online. Retrieved 17 July 2006.
  74. ^ "Congo hands land to South African farmers". Telegraph. 21 October 2009.
  75. ^ South Africa's bitter harvest.
  76. ^ South Africans' long wait for land, BBC News.
  77. ^ SA 'to learn from' land seizures, BBC News.
  78. ^ Bronwen Manby (August 2001). Unequal Protection - The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-263-7. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  79. ^ Farms of Fear, The Sunday Times Magazine.
  80. ^ Climate change to create African 'water refugees' – scientists, Reuters Alertnet. Accessed 21 September 2006].
  81. ^ Department of Agriculture South Africa.[dead link]
  82. ^ The CO2 fertilization effect: higher carbohydrate production and retention as biomass and seed yield. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  83. ^ Economic Impacts of Climate Change in South Africa: A Preliminary Analysis of Unmitigated Damage Costs[dead link], J. Turpie et al. 2002. Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies Inc. Southern Waters Ecological Research & Consulting & Energy & Development Research Centre. 64 pages.
  84. ^ a b CIA - The World Factbook - South Africa
  85. ^ a b c d Census 2001, Statistics South Africa.
  86. ^ a b c "Midyear population estimates: 2010". Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  87. ^ Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa (U.S.) (1981). South Africa: time running out : the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 0520045475.
  88. ^ "Community Survey 2007" (PDF).
  89. ^ "The demographic status of the world's population". Global Statistics. GeoHive.
  90. ^ "Anti-immigrant violence spreads in South Africa, with attacks reported in Cape Town".
  91. ^ "Escape From Mugabe: Zimbabwe's Exodus".
  92. ^ "More illegals set to flood SA".
  93. ^ "South African mob kills migrants". BBC. 12 May 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  94. ^ Barry Bearak (23 May 2008). "Immigrants Fleeing Fury of South African Mobs". New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
  95. ^ Unisa.
  96. ^ Policy Series, Queen’s University.
  97. ^ "Rhodie oldies". New Internationalist. 1985. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
  98. ^ Current Africa race riots like 1949 anti-Indian riots: minister. TheIndianStar.com. 26 May 2008.
  99. ^ Conason, Joe (19 June 2008). "Chinese declared black". Salon.com. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  100. ^ We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese, The Times
  101. ^ a b c "World Refugee Survey 2008". U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008.
  102. ^ a b "South Africa - Section I. Religious Demography". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  103. ^ For a discussion of Church membership statistics in South Africa please refer to Forster, D. "God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses" in Forster, D and Bentley, W.Methodism in Southern Africa: A celebration of Wesleyan Mission. Kempton Park. AcadSA publishers (2008:97-98)
  104. ^ Department of State, USA.
  105. ^ a b "In South Africa, many blacks convert to Islam".
  106. ^ "Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa". Religionnewsblog.com. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  107. ^ "Constitution of South Africa, Chapter 1, Section 6". Fs.gov.za. Retrieved 30 May 2010.[dead link]
  108. ^ "The languages of South Africa". SouthAfrica.info. 1997-02-04. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  109. ^ Table: Table: Census 2001 by municipalities, language, population group and gender.
  110. ^ Statistics South Africa, Community Survey, 2007, Basic Results Municipalities (pdf-file) Retrieved on 2008-03-23.
  111. ^ "HIV & Aids in South Africa". Avert. Retrieved 8 October 2006.
  112. ^ "Sack SA Health Minister – world's AIDS experts". afrol News. Retrieved 8 October 2006.
  113. ^ a b "info.gov.za" (PDF).
  114. ^ "Zuma announces AIDS reforms". UNPAN. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  115. ^ a b "AIDS orphans". Avert. Retrieved 8 October 2006.
  116. ^ "thewinedoctor.com".
  117. ^ "Black middle class explodes". FIN24. 22 May 2007.[dead link]
  118. ^ "History of Scouting in South Africa". History of Scouting in South Africa. South African Scout Association. 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
  119. ^ World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave
  120. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Literature: John Maxwell Coetzee". Swedish Academy. 2003-10-02. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  121. ^ "South African music after Apartheid: kwaito, the "party politic," and the appropriation of gold as a sign of success".[dead link]
  122. ^ "Sport in South Africa". SouthAfrica.info. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  123. ^ "Surfing Cape Town".
  124. ^ Cooper, Billy (12 July 2010). "South Africa gets 9/10 for World Cup". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  125. ^ a b "A parent's guide to schooling". Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  126. ^ "Education in South Africa". SouthAfrica.info. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  127. ^ "Human Development Report 2009 - South Africa". Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  128. ^ "Bantu Education". Overcoming Apartheid. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  129. ^ "NationMaster: South African Crime Statistics".
  130. ^ Persecuted white South African Brandon Huntley made international race refugee. Times Online. September 3, 2009.
  131. ^ Behind South Africa's Reggae Murder. Time. 22 October 2007.
  132. ^ "SOUTH AFRICA: One in four men rape". IRIN Africa. 18 June 2009.
  133. ^ "South African rape survey shock". BBC News. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  134. ^ a b "South Africa’s rape shock". BBC News. 19 January 1999. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  135. ^ Perry, Alex (5 November 2007). "Oprah scandal rocks South Africa". TIME. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  136. ^ "Farms of fear". London: The Times Online. 2 April 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  137. ^ "World Bank, IMF study 2004". Jae.oxfordjournals.org. 3 December 2004. doi:10.1093/jae/ejh042. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  138. ^ "Health Personnel in Southern Africa: Confronting maldistribution and brain drain" (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  139. ^ Skilled Labour Migration from Developing Countries: Study on South and Southern Africa, Haroon Bhorat et al. 2002. International Migration Programme, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  140. ^ Abahlali baseMjondolo. "A collection of published articles on the May 2008 pogroms". Abahlali.org. Retrieved 30 May 2010.

Further reading

External links

Find more about South Africa on Wikipedia'ssister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Images and media from Commons
Learning resources from Wikiversity
News stories from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks

Posted in:

0 comments:

Post a Comment

Twitter Delicious Facebook Digg Stumbleupon Favorites More

 
Design by Free WordPress Themes | Bloggerized by Lasantha - Premium Blogger Themes | ewa network review